ABSTRACT
In late 2019, a novel betacoronavirus, later termed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was discovered in patients with an unknown respiratory illness in Wuhan, China. SARS-CoV-2 and the disease caused by the novel coronavirus, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), spread rapidly and resulted in the World Health Organization declaring a pandemic in March 2020. In a minority of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2, severe illness develops characterized by a dysregulated immune response, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and multisystem organ failure. Despite the development of antiviral and multiple immunomodulatory therapies, outcomes of severe illness remain poor. In response, the Food and Drug Administration in the United States authorized the emergency use of several extracorporeal blood purification (EBP) devices for critically ill patients with COVID-19. Extracorporeal blood purification devices target various aspects of the host response to infection to reduce immune dysregulation. This review highlights the underlying technology, currently available literature on use in critically ill COVID-19 patients, and future studies involving four EBP platforms: 1) oXiris filter, 2) CytoSorb filter, 3) Seraph 100 Microbind blood affinity filter, and 4) the Spectra Optia Apheresis System with the Depuro D2000 Adsorption Cartridge.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use , COVID-19/therapy , Critical Illness/therapy , Humans , Pandemics , SARS-CoV-2Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Pulmonary Embolism , Respiratory Distress Syndrome , Humans , Proteoglycans , SARS-CoV-2ABSTRACT
The principles and use of plasmapheresis are often little understood by intensivists. We propose to review the principles, the main indications, and the methods of using this technique.
Subject(s)
Critical Care/methods , Plasma Exchange/methods , Animals , Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated Vasculitis/therapy , COVID-19/therapy , Equipment Design , Guillain-Barre Syndrome/therapy , Humans , Liver Failure, Acute/therapy , Membranes, Artificial , Plasma Exchange/instrumentation , Purpura, Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic/therapySubject(s)
COVID-19 , Pneumothorax , Humans , Pneumothorax/diagnostic imaging , Risk Factors , SARS-CoV-2 , Severity of Illness IndexABSTRACT
Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) in sepsis does have a role in removing excessive fluid, and also role in removal of mediators although not proven today, and to allow fluid space in order to feed. In these conditions, continuous renal replacement therapy can improve morbidity but never mortality so far. Regarding sepsis, timing has become a more important issue after decades and is currently more discussed than dosing. Rationale of blood purification has evolved a lot in the last years regarding sepsis with the discovery of many types of sorbent allowing ideas from science fiction to become reality in 2021. Undoubtedly, COVID-19 has reactivated the interest of blood purification in sepsis but also in COVID-19. Burn is even more dependent about removal of excessive fluid as compared to sepsis. Regarding cardiac failure, ultrafiltration can improve the quality of life and morbidity when diuretics are becoming inefficient but can never improve mortality. Regarding brain injury, CRRTs have several advantages as compared to intermittent hemodialysis. In liver failure, there have been no randomized controlled trials to examine whether single-pass albumin dialysis offers advantages over standard supportive care, and there is always the cost of albumin.